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Bridge Across the Atlantic

Толкование Перевод

1 across

ə'kros
1. preposition
1) (to the other side (of); from one side to the other side of: He took her across the road.) de un lado a otro de

2) (at the other side (of): The butcher's shop is across the street.) al otro lado de

2. adverb
(to the other side or to the speaker's side: He dived in off the river-bank and swam across.) al otro lado

across¹ adv de un lado al otro

there's no bridge, so you'll have to swim across no hay puente, así que tendrás que cruzar nadando

across² prep

1. de un lado a otro

a tree fell across the road cayó un árbol atravesando la carretera

Con verbos como walk, run, swim etc, se suele traducir mediante el verbo cruzar o atravesar

walk across the street cruza la calle / atraviesa la calle

they sailed across the Atlantic atravesaron el Atlántico en barco

2. al otro lado de

my friend lives across the street mi amigo vive al otro lado de la calle

she looked across the room miró al otro lado de la habitación

across

tr[ə'krɒs]

preposition

1 (movement) a través de, de un lado a otro de

■ to go across the road cruzar la carretera

■ to swim across a river cruzar un río nadando/a nado

■ to fly across the Atlantic sobrevolar el Atlántico

■ she helped the old man across the road ayudó al viejo a cruzar la carretera

2 (position) al otro lado de

■ it's across the river está al otro lado del río

■ they live across the road viven enfrente

adverb

1 de un lado a otro

■ it's 4 metres across mide 4 metros de lado a lado

■ he ran/swam across cruzó corriendo/nadando

across [ə'krɔs] adv

1) crosswise: al través

2) : a través, del otro lado

he's already across: ya está del otro lado

3) : de ancho

40 feet across: 40 pies de ancho

across prep

1) : al otro lado de

across the street: al otro lado de la calle

2) : a través de

a log across the road: un tronco a través del camino

across (Measurement)

prep

• a lo ancho (Medida) expr.

adv.

• a través adv.

• al otro lado adv.

• de un lado al otro adv.

• por adv.

prep.

• a través de prep.

I ə'krɔːs, ə'krɒs
adverb

a) ( indicating movement)

the boatman ferried them across — el barquero los cruzó

seven across — ( crossword clue) siete horizontal

b) ( indicating position) del otro lado

they're already across — ya están del otro lado

she sat across from me — estaba sentada frente a mí or enfrente de mí

c) (in width, diameter)

it is 20m across — tiene or mide 20m de ancho

II

preposition

a) ( from one side to other)

they ran across the road — cruzaron la calle corriendo

he shouted to her across the room — le gritó desde el otro lado de la habitación

a tree had fallen across the road — un árbol se había caído en mitad de la carretera

b) ( on the other side of)

they live just across the road — viven justo enfrente

[ǝ'krɒs] When across is an element in a phrasal verb, eg come across, run across, look up the verb.
1. PREP

1) (=from one side to other of) a través de

a tree had fallen across the road — había caído un árbol a través de la carretera

to go across a bridge — atravesar or cruzar un puente

to run across a road — cruzar una calle corriendo

the bridge across the Tagus — el puente sobre el Tajo

with arms folded across his chest — con los brazos cruzados sobre el pecho

2) (=on the other side of) al otro lado de

across the street from our house — al otro lado de la calle enfrente de nuestra casa

the lands across the sea — las tierras más allá del mar

from across the sea — desde más allá del mar

3) (in measurements)

it is 12km across the strait — el estrecho tiene 12km de ancho

4) (=crosswise over) a través de; board 1., 1)

2. ADV

1) (=from one side to the other) a través, al través

don't go around, go across — no des la vuelta, ve al través

shall I go across first? — ¿paso yo el primero?

to run across — (over bridge) atravesar or cruzar corriendo

to swim across — atravesar a nado

to cut sth across — cortar algo por (el) medio

a plank had been laid across — habían colocado una tabla encima

he helped an old lady across — ayudó a una señora mayor a cruzar la calle

2) (=on opposite side)

it's across from the Post Office — está enfrente de Correos

he sat down across from her — se sentó frente a ella

3) (in measurements)

the lake is 12km across — el lago tiene 12km de ancho

the plate is 30cm across — el plato tiene un diámetro de 30cm

how far is it across? — (river) ¿cuántos metros tiene de ancho?

4) (=crossways) a través, en cruz, transversalmente

* * *

I [ə'krɔːs, ə'krɒs]
adverb

a) ( indicating movement)

the boatman ferried them across — el barquero los cruzó

seven across — ( crossword clue) siete horizontal

b) ( indicating position) del otro lado

they're already across — ya están del otro lado

she sat across from me — estaba sentada frente a mí or enfrente de mí

c) (in width, diameter)

it is 20m across — tiene or mide 20m de ancho

II

preposition

a) ( from one side to other)

they ran across the road — cruzaron la calle corriendo

he shouted to her across the room — le gritó desde el otro lado de la habitación

a tree had fallen across the road — un árbol se había caído en mitad de la carretera

b) ( on the other side of)

they live just across the road — viven justo enfrente

English-spanish dictionary > across
2 Rennie, John

SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering

[br]

b. 7 June 1761 Phantassie, East Linton, East Lothian, Scotland

d. 4 October 1821 Stamford Street, London, England

[br]

Scottish civil engineer.

[br]

Born into a prosperous farming family, he early demonstrated his natural mechanical and structural aptitude. As a boy he spent a great deal of time, often as a truant, near his home in the workshop of Andrew Meikle. Meikle was a millwright and the inventor of a threshing machine. After local education and an apprenticeship with Meikle, Rennie went to Edinburgh University until he was 22. He then travelled south and met James Watt, who in 1784 offered him the post of Engineer at the Albion Flour Mills, London, which was then under construction. Rennie designed all the mill machinery, and it was while there that he began to develop an interest in canals, opening his own business in 1791 in Blackfriars. He carried out work on the Kennet and Avon Canal and in 1794 became Engineer for the company. He meanwhile carried out other surveys, including a proposed extension of the River Stort Navigation to the Little Ouse and a Basingstoke-to-Salisbury canal, neither of which were built. From 1791 he was also engaged on the Rochdale Canal and the Lancaster Canal, as well as the great masonry aqueduct carrying the latter canal across the river Lune at Lancaster. He also surveyed the Ipswich and Stowmarket and the Chelmer and Blackwater Navigations. He advised on the Horncastle Canal in 1799 and on the River Ancholme in 1799, both of which are in Lincolnshire. In 1802 he was engaged on the Royal Canal in Ireland, and in the same year he was commissioned by the Government to prepare a plan for flooding the Lea Valley as a defence on the eastern approach to London in case Napoleon invaded England across the Essex marshes. In 1809 he surveyed improvements on the Thames, and in the following year he was involved in a proposed canal from Taunton to Bristol. Some of his schemes, particularly in the Fens and Lincolnshire, were a combination of improvements for both drainage and navigation. Apart from his canal work he engaged extensively in the construction and development of docks and harbours including the East and West India Docks in London, Holyhead, Hull, Ramsgate and the dockyards at Chatham and Sheerness. In 1806 he proposed the great breakwater at Plymouth, where work commenced on 22 June 1811.

He was also highly regarded for his bridge construction. These included Kelso and Musselburgh, as well as his famous Thames bridges: London Bridge (uncompleted at the time of his death), Waterloo Bridge (1810–17) and Southwark Bridge (1815–19). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1798.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1798.

Further Reading

C.T.G.Boucher, 1963, John Rennie 1761–1821, Manchester University Press. W.Reyburn, 1972, Bridge Across the Atlantic, London: Harrap.

JHB

Biographical history of technology > Rennie, John
3 cruzar

v.

1 to cross.

cruzó la calle corriendo he ran across the street

esta carretera cruza varios pueblos this road goes through several towns

un río que cruzar todo el país a river that flows the length of the country

El viejito cruzó la calle The old man crossed the street.

Ella cruza patos con gansos She crosses ducks with geese.

2 to cross (piernas, brazos).

3 to cross (animales).

4 to exchange (unas palabras).

5 to cross over, to go over, to get over.

Ella cruzó y se salvó She crossed over and saved herself.

6 to go across, to cross.

Ella cruza el puente She goes across the bridge.

7 to breed, to cross, to interbreed.

* * *

cruzar

Conjugation model [ REALIZAR], like realizar

► verbo transitivo

1 (gen) to cross

■ cruzar los dedos to cross one's fingers

■ cruzar una calle to cross a street

2 (poner atravesado) to lay across; (estar atravesado) to lie across

■ cruzar la carretera con un tronco to lay a tree trunk across the road

3 (en geometría) to intersect

4 (animales) to cross

5 (miradas, palabras) to exchange

► verbo pronominal cruzarse

1 (encontrarse) to cross, pass each other

2 (intercambiarse) to exchange

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

cruzar a nado to swim across

cruzar apuestas to make bets

cruzar con una raya to draw a line across

cruzar los brazos to fold one's arms

cruzarle la cara a alguien figurado to slap somebody's face

cruzarse en el camino de alguien figurado to cross somebody's path

* * *

verb

1) to cross

2) exchange

•

- cruzarse

* * *

1. VT

1) [+ calle, río, frontera, puente] to cross

han cruzado el Atlántico — they've crossed the Atlantic

cruzar la (línea de) meta — to cross the finishing line

al cruzar la puerta o el umbral del palacio — when you set foot inside the palace

cruzaron el lago a nado — they swam across the lake

2) [arrugas, líneas]

profundas arrugas le cruzaban la cara — her face was covered in wrinkles

una profunda cicatriz le cruzaba la mano — a deep scar ran across his hand

el corte le cruzó la espalda de un lado a otro — the cut ran right across his back

3) (=poner cruzado)

cruzar un palo sobre otro — to place one stick across another

cruzar la espada con algn — to cross swords with sb

• cruzar los dedos — (lit, fig) to cross one's fingers

el equipo se juega la Copa -cruzo los dedos- mañana — the team is playing for the Cup tomorrow - (I'm keeping my) fingers crossed

• cruzar las piernas — to cross one's legs

4) [+ palabras] to exchange

no cruzaron ni una palabra — they didn't exchange a (single) word

5) [+ apuestas] to place, make

6) (Bio) [+ plantas, razas] to cross

7) (Náut) to cruise

8) esp LAm (Agr) to plough a second time in a criss-cross pattern

9) And, Cono Sur (=atacar) to fight, attack

10) Ven

cruzar (los) aros — to celebrate the engagement ceremony ( involving the exchange of rings)

2.

VI [peatón] to cross

cruza ahora, que no vienen coches — cross now, there are no cars coming

cruzar por el puente — to cross over the bridge

cruzar por el paso de peatones — to cross at the zebra crossing

3.

See:

cruzarse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) ( atravesar) <calle/mar/puente> to cross

cruzó el río a nado — she swam across the river

2) < piernas> to cross

con los brazos cruzados — with my/your/his arms crossed o folded

crucemos los dedos — let's keep our fingers crossed

3) < cheque> to cross

4) ( tachar) to cross out

5) <palabras/saludos> to exchange

6) ( llevar al otro lado) to take (o carry etc)... across

7) <animales/plantas> to cross
2.
cruzar vi ( atravesar) to cross

cruzaron por el puente — they went across the bridge
3.
cruzarse v pron

1) (recípr)

a) caminos/líneas to intersect, meet

b) (en un viaje, un camino)

los trenes se cruzaron a mitad de camino — the trains passed each other half way

nuestras cartas se han debido de cruzar — our letters must have crossed in the post

seguro que nos cruzaremos por el camino — ( nos veremos) we're sure to meet o pass each other on the way; ( no nos veremos) we're sure to miss each other along the way

cruzarse con alguien — to see o pass somebody

2) ( interponerse)

se le cruzó una moto — a motorcycle pulled out in front of him

se nos cruzó otro corredor — another runner cut in front of us

* * *

= cross, fall across, walk across, intersect, cross-pollinate, throw across, interbreed.

Ex. Some of the cases presented in this book are concerned with broad policy issues, while others are less encompassing and present some of the narrower problems that cross the library manager's desk.

Ex. A shaft of yellow sunshine fell across the carpet.

Ex. Some of the questions to ask ourselves are will people walk up or down stairs, across quadrangles, etc just to visit the library?.

Ex. Contingency plans can be devised to intersect at several points on this time continuum.

Ex. The purpose of the conference is to cross-pollinate the research of all fields that endeavor to inform clients.

Ex. The gangplank (illustrated by the dotted line in Figure 1) can be thrown across without weakening the chain of command, as long as this relationship is advisory and not policy making = La pasarela (ilustrada por la línea de puntos de la Figura 1) se puede cruzar sin debilitar la cadena de mando, en tanto en cuanto esta relación sea consultiva y no para la elaboración de políticas.

Ex. Our human ancestors were still interbreeding with their chimp cousins long after first splitting from the chimpanzee lineage, a genetic study suggests.

----

* como barcos que se cruzan (en la noche) = like passing ships (in the night), like passing ships (in the night).

* cruzar en el camino de Alguien = cross + Posesivo + path.

* cruzar fronteras = span + boundaries.

* cruzar la carretera por un sitio no autorizado = jaywalking, jaywalk.

* cruzar la frontera = cross + the boundary.

* cruzar la línea = cross + the line.

* cruzar la línea divisoria = cross + the boundary, cross + the great divide, cross + the dividing line, cross + the line.

* cruzar la línea que separa = cross over + the line separating.

* cruzar la mente = shoot through + Posesivo + mind.

* cruzar la meta = cross + the finish line.

* cruzar las fronteras = breach + boundaries, breach + barriers.

* cruzar las líneas divisorias que separan + Nombre = cross + Adjetivo + lines.

* cruzar las piernas = cross + Posesivo + legs, fold + Posesivo + legs.

* cruzar los brazos = fold + Posesivo + arms.

* cruzar los dedos = cross + Posesivo + fingers.

* cruzarse con = run into, cross + Posesivo + path.

* cruzarse de brazos = sit back, fold + Posesivo + arms, go along with + the flow.

* cruzarse de piernas = fold + Posesivo + legs.

* cruzársele a Uno en el camino = come + Posesivo + way.

* cruzar una mirada = exchange + glance.

* el que no se aventura no cruza el mar = nothing ventured, nothing gained.

* persona que cruza la carretera por un sitio no autorizado = jaywalker.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) ( atravesar) <calle/mar/puente> to cross

cruzó el río a nado — she swam across the river

2) < piernas> to cross

con los brazos cruzados — with my/your/his arms crossed o folded

crucemos los dedos — let's keep our fingers crossed

3) < cheque> to cross

4) ( tachar) to cross out

5) <palabras/saludos> to exchange

6) ( llevar al otro lado) to take (o carry etc)... across

7) <animales/plantas> to cross
2.
cruzar vi ( atravesar) to cross

cruzaron por el puente — they went across the bridge
3.
cruzarse v pron

1) (recípr)

a) caminos/líneas to intersect, meet

b) (en un viaje, un camino)

los trenes se cruzaron a mitad de camino — the trains passed each other half way

nuestras cartas se han debido de cruzar — our letters must have crossed in the post

seguro que nos cruzaremos por el camino — ( nos veremos) we're sure to meet o pass each other on the way; ( no nos veremos) we're sure to miss each other along the way

cruzarse con alguien — to see o pass somebody

2) ( interponerse)

se le cruzó una moto — a motorcycle pulled out in front of him

se nos cruzó otro corredor — another runner cut in front of us

* * *

= cross, fall across, walk across, intersect, cross-pollinate, throw across, interbreed.

Ex: Some of the cases presented in this book are concerned with broad policy issues, while others are less encompassing and present some of the narrower problems that cross the library manager's desk.

Ex: A shaft of yellow sunshine fell across the carpet.

Ex: Some of the questions to ask ourselves are will people walk up or down stairs, across quadrangles, etc just to visit the library?.

Ex: Contingency plans can be devised to intersect at several points on this time continuum.

Ex: The purpose of the conference is to cross-pollinate the research of all fields that endeavor to inform clients.

Ex: The gangplank (illustrated by the dotted line in Figure 1) can be thrown across without weakening the chain of command, as long as this relationship is advisory and not policy making = La pasarela (ilustrada por la línea de puntos de la Figura 1) se puede cruzar sin debilitar la cadena de mando, en tanto en cuanto esta relación sea consultiva y no para la elaboración de políticas.

Ex: Our human ancestors were still interbreeding with their chimp cousins long after first splitting from the chimpanzee lineage, a genetic study suggests.

* como barcos que se cruzan (en la noche) = like passing ships (in the night), like passing ships (in the night).

* cruzar en el camino de Alguien = cross + Posesivo + path.

* cruzar fronteras = span + boundaries.

* cruzar la carretera por un sitio no autorizado = jaywalking, jaywalk.

* cruzar la frontera = cross + the boundary.

* cruzar la línea = cross + the line.

* cruzar la línea divisoria = cross + the boundary, cross + the great divide, cross + the dividing line, cross + the line.

* cruzar la línea que separa = cross over + the line separating.

* cruzar la mente = shoot through + Posesivo + mind.

* cruzar la meta = cross + the finish line.

* cruzar las fronteras = breach + boundaries, breach + barriers.

* cruzar las líneas divisorias que separan + Nombre = cross + Adjetivo + lines.

* cruzar las piernas = cross + Posesivo + legs, fold + Posesivo + legs.

* cruzar los brazos = fold + Posesivo + arms.

* cruzar los dedos = cross + Posesivo + fingers.

* cruzarse con = run into, cross + Posesivo + path.

* cruzarse de brazos = sit back, fold + Posesivo + arms, go along with + the flow.

* cruzarse de piernas = fold + Posesivo + legs.

* cruzársele a Uno en el camino = come + Posesivo + way.

* cruzar una mirada = exchange + glance.

* el que no se aventura no cruza el mar = nothing ventured, nothing gained.

* persona que cruza la carretera por un sitio no autorizado = jaywalker.

* * *

cruzar [A4 ]

vt

A (atravesar) ‹calle› to cross; ‹mar/desierto/puente› to cross, go/come across

cruzó el río a nado she swam across the river

esta calle no cruza Serrano this street doesn't intersect with Serrano

B ‹piernas› to cross

se sentó y cruzó las piernas she sat down and crossed her legs

con los brazos cruzados with my/your/his arms crossed o folded

crucemos los dedos let's keep our fingers crossed

C ‹cheque› to cross

D (tachar) to cross out

E ‹palabras/saludos› to exchange

no crucé ni una palabra con él we didn't say a single word to each other, we didn't exchange a single word

F (llevar al otro lado) to take ( o carry etc) … across

la madre cruzó a los niños the mother took the children across

el barquero nos cruzó the boatman took o ferried us across

G ‹animales/plantas› to cross

■ cruzar

vi

(atravesar) to cross

cruzaron por el puente they went over o across the bridge

■ cruzarse

v pron

A ( recípr)

1 «caminos/líneas» to intersect, meet, cross

2

(en un viaje, un camino): los trenes se cruzaron a mitad de camino the trains passed each other half way

espero no cruzármelo nunca más I hope I never set eyes on him again, I hope we never cross paths again

nuestras cartas se han debido de cruzar our letters must have crossed in the post

seguro que nos cruzaremos por el camino (nos veremos) we're sure to meet o see o pass each other on the way; (no nos veremos) we're sure to miss each other along the way

cruzarse CON algn to see o pass sb

me crucé con él al salir de la estación I saw o passed o met him as I came out of the station

me cruzo con ella todos los días I see her o we pass each other everyday

brazo

B

(interponerse): se le cruzó una moto y no pudo frenar a motorcycle pulled out in front of him and he couldn't brake in time

se nos cruzó otro corredor y nos caímos todos another runner cut in front of us and we all fell

* * *

cruzar ( conjugate cruzar) verbo transitivo
1 ( atravesar) ‹calle/mar/puente› to cross
2 ‹ piernas› to cross;
‹ brazos› to cross, fold
3
a) ‹ cheque› to cross

b) ( tachar) to cross out

c) ‹palabras/saludos› to exchange

4 ( llevar al otro lado) to take (o carry etc) … across
5 ‹animales/plantas› to cross
verbo intransitivo ( atravesar) to cross;
◊ cruzaron por el puente they went across the bridge

cruzarse verbo pronominal
1 ( recípr)
a) [caminos/líneas] to intersect, meet

b) (en viaje, camino):

◊ nos cruzamos en el camino we met o passed each other on the way;

nuestras cartas se han debido de cruzar our letters must have crossed in the post;
cruzarse con algn to see o pass sb
2 ( interponerse):
◊ se me cruzó una moto a motorcycle pulled out in front of him;

se me cruzó otro corredor another runner cut in front of me
cruzar
I verbo transitivo
1 to cross
(las piernas) to cross one's legs
(los brazos) to fold one's arms
2 (dirigir unas palabras, miradas) to exchange
3 (animal, planta) to cross, crossbreed
II verbo intransitivo (atravesar) to cross
' cruzar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cariño
- empeñarse
- franquear
- isleta
- ojo
- cruzado
- lado
- luz
- mano
- pasar
English:
across
- come through
- cross
- fold
- get across
- go across
- go over
- hold on
- intersect
- jaywalk
- jaywalking
- jump across
- scramble
- see
- single-breasted
- span
- swim
- unsafe
- walk across
- get
- jay
- pass
- stepping-stone
- way

* * *

cruzar

♦ vt

1. [calle, río] to cross;

cruzó el Atlántico en velero he sailed across the Atlantic;

nos cruzó al otro lado del río en su barca he took us across to the other side of the river in his boat;

cruzó el río a nado she swam across the river;

cruzó la calle corriendo he ran across the street;

esta carretera cruza varios pueblos this road goes through several towns;

un río que cruza todo el país a river that flows the length of the country

2. [interponer]
cruzaron un autobús para detener el tráfico they put a bus across the road to stop the traffic

3. [piernas, brazos] to cross;

Comp

crucemos los dedos let's keep our fingers crossed

4. [unas palabras] to exchange

5. [en fútbol]
marcó cruzando la pelota he scored with a cross-shot;

cruzó demasiado la pelota he pulled his shot wide

6. [animales, plantas] to cross

7. [cheque] to cross

8. Comp
Fam
cruzar la cara a alguien to slap sb across the face;

como no te estés quieto te voy a cruzar la cara if you don't keep still I'm going to slap you

♦ See also the pronominal verb cruzarse

* * *

cruzar

v/t cross

* * *

cruzar {21} vt

1) : to cross

2) : to exchange (words, greetings)

3) : to cross, to interbreed

♦ See also the reflexive verb cruzarse

* * *

cruzar vb

1. (en general) to cross

cruzamos la calle we cross the street

cruzó los brazos she crossed her arms

2. (intercambiar) to exchange

cruzaron una mirada they exchanged glances

Spanish-English dictionary > cruzar
4 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom

SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Land transport, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Ports and shipping, Public utilities, Railways and locomotives

[br]

b. 9 April 1806 Portsea, Hampshire, England

d. 15 September 1859 18 Duke Street, St James's, London, England

[br]

English civil and mechanical engineer.

[br]

The son of Marc Isambard Brunel and Sophia Kingdom, he was educated at a private boarding-school in Hove. At the age of 14 he went to the College of Caen and then to the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris, after which he was apprenticed to Louis Breguet. In 1822 he returned from France and started working in his father's office, while spending much of his time at the works of Maudslay, Sons \& Field.

From 1825 to 1828 he worked under his father on the construction of the latter's Thames Tunnel, occupying the position of Engineer-in-Charge, exhibiting great courage and presence of mind in the emergencies which occurred not infrequently. These culminated in January 1828 in the flooding of the tunnel and work was suspended for seven years. For the next five years the young engineer made abortive attempts to find a suitable outlet for his talents, but to little avail. Eventually, in 1831, his design for a suspension bridge over the River Avon at Clifton Gorge was accepted and he was appointed Engineer. (The bridge was eventually finished five years after Brunel's death, as a memorial to him, the delay being due to inadequate financing.) He next planned and supervised improvements to the Bristol docks. In March 1833 he was appointed Engineer of the Bristol Railway, later called the Great Western Railway. He immediately started to survey the route between London and Bristol that was completed by late August that year. On 5 July 1836 he married Mary Horsley and settled into 18 Duke Street, Westminster, London, where he also had his office. Work on the Bristol Railway started in 1836. The foundation stone of the Clifton Suspension Bridge was laid the same year. Whereas George Stephenson had based his standard railway gauge as 4 ft 8½ in (1.44 m), that or a similar gauge being usual for colliery wagonways in the Newcastle area, Brunel adopted the broader gauge of 7 ft (2.13 m). The first stretch of the line, from Paddington to Maidenhead, was opened to traffic on 4 June 1838, and the whole line from London to Bristol was opened in June 1841. The continuation of the line through to Exeter was completed and opened on 1 May 1844. The normal time for the 194-mile (312 km) run from Paddington to Exeter was 5 hours, at an average speed of 38.8 mph (62.4 km/h) including stops. The Great Western line included the Box Tunnel, the longest tunnel to that date at nearly two miles (3.2 km).

Brunel was the engineer of most of the railways in the West Country, in South Wales and much of Southern Ireland. As railway networks developed, the frequent break of gauge became more of a problem and on 9 July 1845 a Royal Commission was appointed to look into it. In spite of comparative tests, run between Paddington-Didcot and Darlington-York, which showed in favour of Brunel's arrangement, the enquiry ruled in favour of the narrow gauge, 274 miles (441 km) of the former having been built against 1,901 miles (3,059 km) of the latter to that date. The Gauge Act of 1846 forbade the building of any further railways in Britain to any gauge other than 4 ft 8 1/2 in (1.44 m).

The existence of long and severe gradients on the South Devon Railway led to Brunel's adoption of the atmospheric railway developed by Samuel Clegg and later by the Samuda brothers. In this a pipe of 9 in. (23 cm) or more in diameter was laid between the rails, along the top of which ran a continuous hinged flap of leather backed with iron. At intervals of about 3 miles (4.8 km) were pumping stations to exhaust the pipe. Much trouble was experienced with the flap valve and its lubrication—freezing of the leather in winter, the lubricant being sucked into the pipe or eaten by rats at other times—and the experiment was abandoned at considerable cost.

Brunel is to be remembered for his two great West Country tubular bridges, the Chepstow and the Tamar Bridge at Saltash, with the latter opened in May 1859, having two main spans of 465 ft (142 m) and a central pier extending 80 ft (24 m) below high water mark and allowing 100 ft (30 m) of headroom above the same. His timber viaducts throughout Devon and Cornwall became a feature of the landscape. The line was extended ultimately to Penzance.

As early as 1835 Brunel had the idea of extending the line westwards across the Atlantic from Bristol to New York by means of a steamship. In 1836 building commenced and the hull left Bristol in July 1837 for fitting out at Wapping. On 31 March 1838 the ship left again for Bristol but the boiler lagging caught fire and Brunel was injured in the subsequent confusion. On 8 April the ship set sail for New York (under steam), its rival, the 703-ton Sirius, having left four days earlier. The 1,340-ton Great Western arrived only a few hours after the Sirius. The hull was of wood, and was copper-sheathed. In 1838 Brunel planned a larger ship, some 3,000 tons, the Great Britain, which was to have an iron hull.

The Great Britain was screwdriven and was launched on 19 July 1843,289 ft (88 m) long by 51 ft (15.5 m) at its widest. The ship's first voyage, from Liverpool to New York, began on 26 August 1845. In 1846 it ran aground in Dundrum Bay, County Down, and was later sold for use on the Australian run, on which it sailed no fewer than thirty-two times in twenty-three years, also serving as a troop-ship in the Crimean War. During this war, Brunel designed a 1,000-bed hospital which was shipped out to Renkioi ready for assembly and complete with shower-baths and vapour-baths with printed instructions on how to use them, beds and bedding and water closets with a supply of toilet paper! Brunel's last, largest and most extravagantly conceived ship was the Great Leviathan, eventually named The Great Eastern, which had a double-skinned iron hull, together with both paddles and screw propeller. Brunel designed the ship to carry sufficient coal for the round trip to Australia without refuelling, thus saving the need for and the cost of bunkering, as there were then few bunkering ports throughout the world. The ship's construction was started by John Scott Russell in his yard at Millwall on the Thames, but the building was completed by Brunel due to Russell's bankruptcy in 1856. The hull of the huge vessel was laid down so as to be launched sideways into the river and then to be floated on the tide. Brunel's plan for hydraulic launching gear had been turned down by the directors on the grounds of cost, an economy that proved false in the event. The sideways launch with over 4,000 tons of hydraulic power together with steam winches and floating tugs on the river took over two months, from 3 November 1857 until 13 January 1858. The ship was 680 ft (207 m) long, 83 ft (25 m) beam and 58 ft (18 m) deep; the screw was 24 ft (7.3 m) in diameter and paddles 60 ft (18.3 m) in diameter. Its displacement was 32,000 tons (32,500 tonnes).

The strain of overwork and the huge responsibilities that lay on Brunel began to tell. He was diagnosed as suffering from Bright's disease, or nephritis, and spent the winter travelling in the Mediterranean and Egypt, returning to England in May 1859. On 5 September he suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed, and he died ten days later at his Duke Street home.

[br]

Further Reading

L.T.C.Rolt, 1957, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, London: Longmans Green. J.Dugan, 1953, The Great Iron Ship, Hamish Hamilton.

IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
5 Fox, Uffa

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

b. 15 January 1898 Cowes, Isle of Wight, England

d. 27 October 1972 Isle of Wight (?), England

[br]

English yacht designer.

[br]

Coming from a family that had originated in East Anglia, his first name was that of an early British king and was to typify his unusual and refreshing zest for life. Fox commenced his professional career as an apprentice with the flying boat and high-speed craft builders Messrs S.E.Saunders, and shortly after the outbreak of the First World War he was conscripted into the Royal Naval Air Service. In 1920 he made his first transatlantic crossing under sail, a much greater adventure then than now, and returned to the United Kingdom as deck-hand on a ship bound for Liverpool. He was to make the crossing under sail twice more. Shortly after his marriage in 1925, he purchased the old Floating Bridge at Cowes and converted it to living accommodation, workshops and drawing offices. By the 1930s his life's work was in full swing, with designs coming off his drawing board for some of the most outstanding mass-produced craft ever built, as well as for some remarkable one-off yachts. His experimentation with every kind of sailing craft, and even with the Eskimo kayak, gave him the knowledge and experience that made his name known worldwide. During the Second World War he designed and produced the world's first airborne parachuted lifeboat. Despite what could be described as a robust lifestyle, coupled with interests in music, art and horseriding, Fox continued to produce great designs and in the late 1940s he introduced the Firefly, followed by the beautiful Flying Fifteen class of racing keel boats. One of his most unusual vessels was Britannia, the 24 ft (7.3 m) waterline craft that John Fairfax was to row across the Atlantic. Later came Britannia II, which Fairfax took across the Pacific!

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

CBE 1959. Royal Designer to Industry (RDI).

Bibliography

Fox produced a series of yachting books, most first published in the late 1930s, and some more lighthearted volumes of reminiscences in the 1960s. Some of the best-known titles are: Sail and Power, Racing and Cruising Design, Uffa Fox's Second Book and The Crest of the Wave.

Further Reading

J.Dixon, 1978, Uffa Fox. A Personal Biography, Brighton: Angus \& Robertson.

FMW

Biographical history of technology > Fox, Uffa
6 over

'əuvə
1. preposition
1) (higher than; above in position, number, authority etc: Hang that picture over the fireplace; He's over 90 years old.) sobre, encima de; más de

2) (from one side to another, on or above the top of; on the other side of: He jumped over the gate; She fell over the cat; My friend lives over the street.) sobre, encima; al otro lado de

3) (covering: He put his handkerchief over his face.) sobre

4) (across: You find people like him all over the world.) por(todo)

5) (about: a quarrel over money.) por, por motivos de, sobre

6) (by means of: He spoke to her over the telephone.) por

7) (during: Over the years, she grew to hate her husband.) durante, a través de, a lo largo de

8) (while having etc: He fell asleep over his dinner.) durante

2. adverb
1) (higher, moving etc above: The plane flew over about an hour ago.)

2) (used to show movement, change of position: He rolled over on his back; He turned over the page.)

3) (across: He went over and spoke to them.)

4) (downwards: He fell over.)

5) (higher in number etc: for people aged twenty and over.)

6) (remaining: There are two cakes for each of us, and two over.)

7) (through from beginning to end, carefully: Read it over; Talk it over between you.)

3. adjective
(finished: The affair is over now.) por encima

4. noun
((in cricket) a certain number of balls bowled from one end of the wicket: He bowled thirty overs in the match.) serie de seis lanzamientos

5. as part of a word
1) (too (much), as in overdo.) demasiado, extra, exceso de

2) (in a higher position, as in overhead.) por encima (de)

3) (covering, as in overcoat.) sobre

4) (down from an upright position, as in overturn.) hacia abajo

5) (completely, as in overcome.) completamente

•

- over again
- over all
- over and done with

over¹ adv

1. a casa

why don't you come over to see us? ¿por qué no vienes a casa a vernos?

2. acabado

the game is not over yet el partido aún no se ha acabado

3. de sobra

are there any strawberries over? ¿sobran fresas?

over and over again una y otra vez

over here aquí

bring it over here tráelo aquí

over there allí

sit over there siéntate allí over también combina con muchos verbos. Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos

she leant over and took the money se inclinó y cogió el dinero

she crossed over to the other side of the road cruzó la calle

I knocked the bottle over with my elbow tiré la botella con el codo

he fell over and broke his leg se cayó y se rompió la pierna

I'd like to think it over me gustaría pensármelo

over² prep

1. encima de / sobre

he jumped over the wall saltó por encima del muro

the plane flew over the houses el avión sobrevoló las casas

he went to sleep with a newspaper over his face se durmió con un periódico encima de la cara

2. más de

people over 65 las personas de más de 65 años / los mayores de 65 años

it cost over 100 dollars costó más de 100 dólares

all over por todo

all over the world por todo el mundo

over

tr['əʊvə^SMALLr/SMALL]

adverb

1 (down) diferentes traducciones

■ the boy fell over el niño se cayó

■ I knocked the glass over tiré la copa (de un golpe)

2 (from one side to another) diferentes traducciones

■ turn over the page dar la vuelta a la página

■ the car turned over el coche volcó

■ he bent over se inclinó

3 (across) diferentes traducciones

■ let's cross over crucemos al otro lado

■ we jumped over saltamos al otro lado

■ over here/there aquí/allí

■ why don't you come over to dinner? ¿por qué no vienes a cenar a casa?

■ she's over from Spain ha venido de España

4 (showing transfer) diferentes traducciones

■ he went over to the enemy se pasó al enemigo

■ she signed everything over to me lo puso todo a mi nombre

5 (everywhere, throughout) en todas partes

■ the lake is frozen over el lago está completamente helado

■ it's black all over está todo negro

■ she's travelled the world over ha viajado por todo el mundo

■ I ache all over me duele todo

6 (again) otra vez

■ I repeated the message over repetí el mensaje otra vez

■ let's start over (again) volvamos a empezar

■ over and over (again) repetidas veces, una y otra vez

7 (remaining) sobrante

■ are there any strawberries (left) over? ¿sobran fresas?, ¿quedan fresas?

■ did you have any money over? ¿te sobró algún dinero?

8 (too much) de más

■ it's 50 grams over pesa 50 gramos de más

9 (more) más; (older) mayor

■ a hundred people or over cien personas o más

■ children of twelve and over niños mayores de doce años

10 SMALLRADIO/SMALL (finished) corto

■ over and out! ¡corto y fuera!

preposition

1 (above, higher than) encima de

■ a sign over the door un letrero encima de la puerta

■ a plane flew over the area un avión sobrevoló la zona

2 (covering, on top of) sobre, encima de

■ he put his hand over his mouth se tapó la boca con la mano

■ I put a blanket over her feet le tapé los pies con una manta

■ he wore a jacket over his sweater llevaba una americana encima del jersey

3 (across) sobre; (on the other side of) al otro lado de

■ a bridge over the river Trent un puente sobre el río Trent

■ the shop over the road la tienda de enfrente

■ he lives over the border vive al otro lado de la frontera

4 (during) durante

■ over the past 25 years durante los últimos 25 años

■ we talked about it over lunch hablamos de ello durante la comida

5 (throughout) por

■ we travelled all over Italy viajamos por toda Italia

6 (by the agency of) por

■ over the radio por la radio

■ over the phone por teléfono

7 (more than) más de

■ she's over thirty tiene más de treinta años

8 (about) por

■ an argument over money una discusión por dinero

9 (recovered from) recuperado,-a de

■ he's over the flu se ha recuperado de la gripe

10 (indicating control) sobre; (superior) por encima de

■ she has control over the class controla la clase

■ he has only the managing director over him sólo tiene al director ejecutivo por encima de él

adjective

1 (ended) acabado,-a, terminado,-a

■ the game is over la partida ha acabado

noun

1 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (in cricket) serie de seis lanzamientos

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

over and above además de

to be over and done with haber acabado

over ['o:vər] adv

1) (indicating movement across)

he flew over to London: voló a Londres

come on over!: ¡ven acá!

2) (indicating an additional amount)

the show ran 10 minutes over: el espectáculo terminó 10 minutos de tarde

3) above, overhead: por encima

4) again: otra vez, de nuevo

over and over: una y otra vez

to start over: volver a empezar

5)

all over everywhere: por todas partes

6)

to fall over : caerse

7)

to turn over : poner boca abajo, voltear

over adj

1) higher, upper: superior

2) remaining: sobrante, que sobra

3) ended: terminado, acabado

the work is over: el trabajo está terminado

over prep

1) above: encima de, arriba de, sobre

over the fireplace: encima de la chimenea

the hawk flew over the hills: el halcón voló sobre los cerros

2) : más de

over $50: más de $50

3) along: por, sobre

to glide over the ice: deslizarse sobre el hielo

4) (indicating motion through a place or thing)

they showed me over the house: me mostraron la casa

5) across: por encima de, sobre

he jumped over the ditch: saltó por encima de la zanja

6) upon: sobre

a cape over my shoulders: una capa sobre los hombros

7) on: por

to speak over the telephone: hablar por teléfono

8) during: en, durante

over the past 25 years: durante los últimos 25 años

9) because of: por

they fought over the money: se pelearon por el dinero

over (Radio communication)

expr.

• cambio expr.

adj.

• concluido, -a adj.

adv.

• al otro lado adv.

• encima adv.

• encima de adv.

• por encima adv.

prep.

• durante prep.

• encima de prep.

• más de prep.

• por prep.

• sobre prep.

II

1) preposition

Sense I

2) ( across)

he jumped over the fence — saltó (por encima de) la valla

they built a bridge over the river — construyeron un puente sobre el río

she peered over his shoulder — atisbó por encima de su hombro

to sling something over one's shoulder — colgarse* algo del hombro

they live over the road — (BrE) viven en frente

3)

a) ( above) encima de

the portrait hangs over the fireplace — el retrato está colgado encima de or (AmL tb) arriba de la chimenea

a cold front over the Atlantic — un frente frío sobre el Atlántico

b) ( Math) sobre

4) (covering, on)

there are grilles over the windows — hay rejas en las ventanas

snow was falling over the countryside — nevaba sobre la campiña

my room looks out over the square — mi habitación da a la plaza

he pulled his hat down over his eyes — se encasquetó el sombrero tapándose los ojos

he put a coat on over his pajamas — se puso un abrigo encima del pijama

she hit me over the head with her stick — me dio con el bastón en la cabeza

5)

a) (through, all around)

to show somebody over a building/an estate — mostrarle* or (esp Esp) enseñarle un edificio/una finca a alguien

over an area of 50km² — en un área de 50km²

I've been over the details with her — he repasado los detalles con ella

we've been over and over what happened — hemos vuelto una y otra vez sobre lo que sucedió

b) (referring to experiences, illnesses)

is she over her measles yet? — ¿ya se ha repuesto del sarampión?

we're over the worst now — ya hemos pasado lo peor

he isn't over her yet — todavía la quiere

6) (during, in the course of)

over the past/next few years — en or durante los últimos/próximos años

we can discuss it over lunch — podemos hablarlo mientras comemos

we'll be in Italy over the summer — pasaremos el verano en Italia

spread (out) over a six-week period — a lo largo de seis semanas, en un plazo de seis semanas

7) ( by the medium of) por

over the loudspeaker — por el altavoz

8) (about, on account of)

to cry over something — llorar por algo

they argued over money — discutieron por asuntos de dinero

9) all over

a) ( over entire surface of)

there are black marks all over the floor — hay marcas negras por todo el suelo

to be all over somebody — (colloq) ( defeat heavily) darle* una paliza a alguien (fam); ( be demonstrative toward)

they were all over each other — estaban de lo más acaramelados (fam)

b) ( throughout)

all over town — por toda la ciudad

I've been all over the place looking for you — te he estado buscando por todas partes

Sense II

10)

a) ( more than) más de

think of a number over 10 — piensa en un número mayor de or que 10

b)

over and above — ( in addition to) además de

11)

a) ( senior to) por encima de

b) ( indicating superiority) sobre

to have control over somebody/something — tener* control sobre alguien/algo

12) ( in comparison to)

sales are up 20% over last year — las ventas han aumentado un 20% con respecto al año pasado

she has one great advantage over her rivals — tiene una gran ventaja sobre sus rivales

III

noun ( in cricket) over m ( serie de seis lanzamientos)

['ǝʊvǝ(r)] When over is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg come over, go over, start over, turn over, look up the verb.
1. ADVERB

1) (=across) por encima, por arriba (LAm)

this one goes under and that one goes over — este pasa por debajo y ese por encima

2) (=here, there)

I'll be over at 7 o'clock — estaré ahí a las 7

they're over for the day — han venido a pasar el día

when you're next over this way — la próxima vez que pases por aquí
With prepositions and adverbs [over] is usually not translated
• they're over from Canada for the summer — han venido desde Canadá a pasar el verano

• over here — aquí

how long have you lived over here? — ¿cuánto tiempo llevas viviendo aquí?

when you're next over here — la próxima vez que vengas

• he's over in the States at the moment — en este momento está en Estados Unidos

over in the States, people reacted differently — (allí) en Estados Unidos la gente reaccionó de otra manera

• it's over on the other side of town — está al otro lado de la ciudad

• over there — allí

how long were you over there? — ¿cuánto tiempo estuviste allí?

the next time you're over there — la próxima vez que vayas (allí)

• the baby crawled over to its mother — el bebé gateó hacia su madre

to drive over to the other side of town — ir en coche al otro lado de la ciudad

over to you! — (to speak) ¡te paso la palabra!

so now it's over to you — (to decide) así que ahora te toca a ti decidir

now over to our Paris correspondent — ahora damos paso a nuestro corresponsal en París

3) (indicating repetition)

• it happened all over again — volvió a ocurrir, ocurrió otra vez

to start (all) over again — volver a empezar

• over and over (again) — repetidas veces, una y otra vez

• several times over — varias veces seguidas

we did it two or three times over — lo volvimos a hacer dos o tres veces

4) (US) (=again) otra vez

to do sth over — volver a hacer algo, hacer algo otra vez

5) (=remaining)

there are three (left) over — sobran or quedan tres

there were two slices each and one (left) over — había dos rebanadas para cada uno y sobraba una

is there any cake left over? — ¿queda or sobra (algo de) pastel?

when they've paid the bills there's nothing (left) over for luxuries — después de pagar las facturas no les sobra or queda nada para caprichos

4 into 29 goes 7 and 1 over — 29 dividido entre 4 son 7 y me llevo 1

6) (=more)

• sums of £50,000 and over — cantidades iguales or superiores a 50.000 libras

persons of 21 and over — las personas de veintiún años para arriba

7) (Telec)

over! — ¡cambio!

over and out! — ¡cambio y corto!

8) (in set expressions)

• over against — (lit) contra; (fig) frente a

over against the wall — contra la pared

the importance of faith over against good works — la importancia de la fe frente a las buenas obras

• the (whole) world over — en or por todo el mundo, en el mundo entero

2. PREPOSITION

1) (indicating position) (=situated above) encima de, arriba de (LAm); (=across) por encima de, por arriba de (LAm)

there's a mirror over the washbasin — encima del lavabo hay un espejo

a washbasin with a mirror over it — un lavabo con un espejo encima

the water came over his knees — el agua le llegaba por encima de las rodillas

the ball went over the wall — la pelota pasó por encima del muro

to jump over sth — saltar por encima de algo

the bridge over the river — el puente sobre el río

• pour some sauce over it — échale un poco de salsa por encima

• I put a blanket over her — le eché una manta por encima

she put an apron on over her dress — se puso un delantal encima del vestido

• to spread a sheet over sth — extender una sábana sobre or por encima de algo
all 3., 2), head 1., 1), hill 1.
2) (=superior to)

he's over me (in the company) — está por encima mío (en la empresa)

3) (=on the other side of)

the bar over the road — el bar de enfrente

it's over the river — está en la otra orilla del río

the noise came from over the wall — el ruido venía del otro lado de la pared

over the page — en la página siguiente

4) (=more than) más de

over two hundred — más de doscientos

well over 200 people — bastante más de 200 personas

he must be over 60 — debe de tener más de 60 años

(the) over-18s — los mayores de 18 años

an increase of 5% over last year — un aumento del 5 por ciento respecto al año pasado

• spending has gone up by 7% over and above inflation — el gasto ha aumentado un 7% por encima de la inflación

this was over and above his normal duties — eso iba más allá de sus deberes habituales

over and above normal requirements — además de los requisitos normales

yes, but over and above that, we must... — sí, pero además de eso, debemos...

over and above the fact that... — además de que...
well II, 1., 2), a)
5) (=during) durante

over the last few years — durante los últimos años

payments spread over some years — pagos espaciados durante varios años

over Christmas — durante las Navidades

over the winter — durante or en el invierno

why don't we discuss it over dinner? — ¿por qué no vamos a cenar y lo hablamos?

they talked over a cup of coffee — hablaron mientras se tomaban un café

how long will you be over it? — ¿cuánto tiempo te va a llevar?

he took or spent hours over the preparations — dedicó muchas horas a los preparativos
linger
6) (=because of) por

to cry over sth — llorar por algo

they fell out over money — se pelearon por una cuestión de dinero

7) (=about) sobre

the two sides disagreed over how much should be spent — ambas partes discrepaban sobre cuánto debería gastarse

8) (=recovered from)

he's not over that yet — (illness) todavía no se ha repuesto de aquello; (shock) todavía no se ha repuesto de or sobrepuesto a aquello

she's over it now — (illness) se ha repuesto de eso ya

it'll take her years to get over it — (shock) tardará años en sobreponerse

I hope you'll soon be over your cold — espero que se te pase pronto el resfriado, espero que te repongas pronto del resfriado

she's still not over her last boyfriend — aún no ha olvidado a su último novio

we're over the worst now — ya pasó lo peor

9) (indicating means of communication) por

over the telephone — por teléfono

over the loudspeaker — por los altavoces

I heard it over the radio — lo escuché or oí por la radio

10) (=contrasted with)

the issue of quality over economy — la cuestión de la calidad en contraposición a la rentabilidad

3.

ADJECTIVE (=finished)

when or after the war is over, we'll go... — cuando (se) acabe la guerra, nos iremos...

I'll be happy when the exams are over — seré feliz cuando (se) hayan acabado or terminado los exámenes

our troubles are over — (se) han acabado nuestros problemas

the danger was soon over — el peligro pasó pronto

• it's all over — se acabó

it's all over between us — lo nuestro se acabó

• I'll be glad when it's all over and done with — estaré contento cuando todo (se) haya acabado or terminado

for us the incident was over and done with — nosotros dábamos el incidente por zanjado

to get sth over and done with: if we've got to tell her, best get it over and done with — si tenemos que decírselo, cuanto antes (lo hagamos) mejor

4.

NOUN (Cricket) serie f de seis lanzamientos

* * *

II

1) preposition

Sense I

2) ( across)

he jumped over the fence — saltó (por encima de) la valla

they built a bridge over the river — construyeron un puente sobre el río

she peered over his shoulder — atisbó por encima de su hombro

to sling something over one's shoulder — colgarse* algo del hombro

they live over the road — (BrE) viven en frente

3)

a) ( above) encima de

the portrait hangs over the fireplace — el retrato está colgado encima de or (AmL tb) arriba de la chimenea

a cold front over the Atlantic — un frente frío sobre el Atlántico

b) ( Math) sobre

4) (covering, on)

there are grilles over the windows — hay rejas en las ventanas

snow was falling over the countryside — nevaba sobre la campiña

my room looks out over the square — mi habitación da a la plaza

he pulled his hat down over his eyes — se encasquetó el sombrero tapándose los ojos

he put a coat on over his pajamas — se puso un abrigo encima del pijama

she hit me over the head with her stick — me dio con el bastón en la cabeza

5)

a) (through, all around)

to show somebody over a building/an estate — mostrarle* or (esp Esp) enseñarle un edificio/una finca a alguien

over an area of 50km² — en un área de 50km²

I've been over the details with her — he repasado los detalles con ella

we've been over and over what happened — hemos vuelto una y otra vez sobre lo que sucedió

b) (referring to experiences, illnesses)

is she over her measles yet? — ¿ya se ha repuesto del sarampión?

we're over the worst now — ya hemos pasado lo peor

he isn't over her yet — todavía la quiere

6) (during, in the course of)

over the past/next few years — en or durante los últimos/próximos años

we can discuss it over lunch — podemos hablarlo mientras comemos

we'll be in Italy over the summer — pasaremos el verano en Italia

spread (out) over a six-week period — a lo largo de seis semanas, en un plazo de seis semanas

7) ( by the medium of) por

over the loudspeaker — por el altavoz

8) (about, on account of)

to cry over something — llorar por algo

they argued over money — discutieron por asuntos de dinero

9) all over

a) ( over entire surface of)

there are black marks all over the floor — hay marcas negras por todo el suelo

to be all over somebody — (colloq) ( defeat heavily) darle* una paliza a alguien (fam); ( be demonstrative toward)

they were all over each other — estaban de lo más acaramelados (fam)

b) ( throughout)

all over town — por toda la ciudad

I've been all over the place looking for you — te he estado buscando por todas partes

Sense II

10)

a) ( more than) más de

think of a number over 10 — piensa en un número mayor de or que 10

b)

over and above — ( in addition to) además de

11)

a) ( senior to) por encima de

b) ( indicating superiority) sobre

to have control over somebody/something — tener* control sobre alguien/algo

12) ( in comparison to)

sales are up 20% over last year — las ventas han aumentado un 20% con respecto al año pasado

she has one great advantage over her rivals — tiene una gran ventaja sobre sus rivales

III

noun ( in cricket) over m ( serie de seis lanzamientos)

English-spanish dictionary > over
7 cross

cross [krɒs]

croix ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) hybride ⇒ 1 (c) biais ⇒ 1 (d) traverser ⇒ 2 (a), 3 (a) croiser ⇒ 2 (b), 2 (d) faire une croix ⇒ 2 (c) contrarier ⇒ 2 (e) se croiser ⇒ 3 (b) de mauvaise humeur ⇒ 4 (a) diagonal ⇒ 4 (b)

1 noun

(a) (mark, symbol) croix f;

∎ he signed with a cross il a signé d'une croix;

∎ the Iron Cross la Croix de fer

(b) Religion & figurative (burden) croix f;

∎ the Cross la Croix;

∎ to make the sign of the cross faire le signe de (la) croix;

∎ we each have our cross to bear chacun porte sa croix

(c) (hybrid) hybride m, croisement m;

∎ a cross between a horse and a donkey un croisement ou hybride du cheval et de l'ânesse;

∎ figurative the novel is a cross between a thriller and a comedy ce roman est un mélange de policier et de comédie

(d) (in sewing)

∎ on the cross en biais;

∎ to cut sth on the cross couper qch dans le biais;

∎ a sleeve cut on the cross une manche coupée en biais

2 transitive verb

(a) (go across → road, room, sea) traverser; (→ bridge, river) traverser, passer; (→ fence, threshold) franchir;

∎ the bridge crosses the river at Orléans le pont franchit ou enjambe le fleuve à Orléans;

∎ she crossed the Atlantic elle a fait la traversée de l'Atlantique;

∎ to cross a picket line franchir un piquet de grève;

∎ a look of distaste crossed her face une expression de dégoût passa sur son visage;

∎ it crossed my mind that… j'ai pensé ou l'idée m'a effleuré que…;

∎ didn't it cross your mind that she might have been lying? est-ce qu'il ne t'est pas venu à l'idée qu'elle ait pu mentir?

∎ he crossed my path again a few years later nos chemins se sont à nouveau croisés quelques années plus tard;

∎ British figurative Parliament to cross the floor (of the House) changer de parti politique;

∎ figurative I'll cross that bridge when I come to it je m'occuperai de ce problème en temps voulu;

∎ Nautical to cross the line passer l'équateur

(b) (place one across the other) croiser;

∎ to cross one's arms/one's legs croiser les bras/les jambes;

∎ cross your fingers or keep your fingers crossed for me pense à moi et croise les doigts;

∎ let's keep our fingers crossed croisons les doigts;

∎ also figurative to cross swords with sb croiser le fer avec qn;

∎ cross my palm (with silver)! donnez-moi une petite pièce!

(c) (mark with cross) faire une croix;

∎ Religion to cross oneself faire le signe de (la) croix, se signer;

∎ cross your "t"s barrez ou mettez des barres à vos "t";

∎ American figurative we'll send you the contract as soon as we've crossed the "t"s nous vous enverrons le contrat dès que nous aurons réglé les derniers détails;

∎ British to cross a cheque barrer un chèque;

∎ familiar cross my heart (and hope to die) croix de bois croix de fer(, si je mens je vais en enfer)

(d) (animals, plants) croiser; figurative (two styles) mélanger, marier

(e) (oppose) contrarier, contrecarrer;

∎ to be crossed in love avoir une déception amoureuse

(f) Telecommunications

∎ we've got a crossed line il y a des interférences sur la ligne

3 intransitive verb

(a) (go across) traverser;

∎ she crossed (over) to the door elle est allée à la porte;

∎ she crossed (over) to the other side of the road elle a traversé la route;

∎ we crossed from Belgium into France nous sommes passés de Belgique en France;

∎ they crossed from Dover to Boulogne ils ont fait la traversée de Douvres à Boulogne

(b) (intersect → lines, paths, roads) se croiser, se rencontrer;

∎ our letters crossed in the post nos lettres se sont croisées

4 adjective

(a) (angry) de mauvaise humeur, en colère;

∎ she's cross with me elle est fâchée contre moi;

∎ don't be cross with me il ne faut pas m'en vouloir;

∎ he makes me so cross! qu'est-ce qu'il peut m'agacer!;

∎ I got cross with them je me suis fâché contre eux;

∎ I never heard her utter a cross word elle ne dit jamais un mot plus haut que l'autre;

∎ we've never had a cross word nous ne nous sommes jamais disputés;

∎ familiar to be as cross as a bear or Irish as a bag of cats être dans une colère noire

(b) (diagonal) diagonal

►► Optics cross hairs = fils croisés d'une lunette qui déterminent la ligne de visée;

Building industry cross member traverse f, entremise f;

American cross street rue f transversale;

cross wires = fils croisés d'une lunette qui déterminent la ligne de visée

➲ cross off separable transitive verb

(item) barrer, rayer; (person) radier;

∎ to cross sb off the list radier qn

➲ cross out separable transitive verb

barrer, rayer

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > cross
8 cross

I
1. [krɒs] n

1. 1) крест

Maltese [Latin, Greek] cross - мальтийский [латинский, греческий] крест

to make one's cross, to sign with a cross - поставить крест ( вместо подписи)

2) крестное знамение (тж. sign of the cross)

to make the sign of the cross - перекреститься, осенить себя крестом

2. 1) распятие

2) надгробный памятник в виде креста

3) крест (на перекрёстке дорог и т. п.)

3. (the Cross) христианство

4. (Cross) крест ( знак отличия)

Distinguished Service Cross - крест «За боевые заслуги»

5. черта, перекрещивающая буквы t, f

6. биол.

1) гибридизация, скрещивание (пород)

2) кросс, однократное скрещивание

3) гибрид, помесь

a mule is a cross between a horse and an ass - мул - это помесь лошади и осла

7. 1) испытания, страдания, выпавшие на (чью-л.) долю

to bear one's cross - нести свой крест

2) неприятное, досадное обстоятельство

the slightest cross puts him out of humour - малейшая неприятность портит ему настроение

8. разг. нечестный поступок

on the cross - нечестно, обманным путём [ср. тж. 9]

he has been on the cross all his life - он всю свою жизнь жульничал /мошенничал, был прохвостом/

9. диагональ, косое направление

on the cross - по косой, по диагонали [ср. тж. 8]

to cut on the cross - резать /кроить/ по диагонали

the skirt is cut on the cross - юбка расклешена

10. ист. церковные поместья в Ирландии

11. тех. крестовина, пересечение

12. кросс ( телефонный)

♢ to take the cross - ист. стать крестоносцем

no cross, no crown - ≅ несчастья бояться - счастья не видать

2. [krɒs] a

1. поперечный; пересекающийся; перекрёстный

2. взаимный, обоюдный

3. 1) противный ( о ветре)

cross head wind - боковой встречный ветер

2) противоположный

cross voting - голосование против своей партии

cross interests - противоположные интересы

4. неблагоприятный

cross weather - неблагоприятная погода

5. скрещённый ( о породах); кроссбредный

3. [krɒs] adv редк. разг.

криво, косо, неправильно

4. [krɒs] v

1. 1) пересекать, переходить, переправляться

to cross the Atlantic - пересечь Атлантический океан

to cross a bridge [a road] - перейти мост [дорогу]

to cross a river - переправиться через реку [ср. тж. ♢ ]

to cross from Dover to Calais - пересечь Ла-Манш между Дувром и Кале

he has not crossed the door for two years - он не переступал порога этого дома в течение двух лет

to cross the finishing line - спорт. а) пересечь линию финиша; б) выиграть

2) пересекать другому ездоку дорогу ( конный спорт)

2. 1) скрещивать

to cross one's legs - скрестить ноги

to cross one's arms on one's breast - скрестить руки на груди

to cross swords (with smb.) - а) скрестить шпаги (с кем-л.); б) вступить в спор (с кем-л.)

2) скрещиваться, пересекаться; перепутываться

at the spot where two roads cross - на месте, где пересекаются две дороги

3. осенять крестным знамением

to cross oneself - креститься

4. 1) перечёркивать, зачёркивать

to cross a ❝t❞ - перечеркнуть букву t

to cross a letter - написать ( резолюцию) поперёк написанного в письме

to cross smb.'s name off the list - вычеркнуть кого-л. из списка

2) фин. перечёркивать, кроссировать ( чек)

5. разг. садиться верхом ( на лошадь)

6. разминуться, разойтись

we crossed each other on the way - мы разминулись друг с другом в пути

our letter crossed yours - наше письмо разошлось с вашим

7. противодействовать, препятствовать; противоречить

to cross another's will [plans] - противодействовать чьему-л. желанию [чьим-л. планам]

he crosses me in everything - он противоречит мне во всём

he has been crossed in love - ему не повезло в любви

8. биол.

1) скрещивать

2) скрещиваться

9. воен. форсировать

10. сл. вести двойную игру

to cross smb. - предать кого-л.

11. эвф. перейти в мир иной

♢ to cross one's fingers, to keep one's fingers crossed - скрещивать указательный и средний пальцы (против сглаза, на счастье и т. п.)

keep your fingers crossed! - ≅ как бы не сглазить!

to cross one's t's and dot one's i's - ≅ ставить точки над i

to cross smb.'s path - а) встретиться на чьём-л. жизненном пути; б) стать кому-л. поперёк дороги

to cross the floor of the House - парл. перейти из одной партии в другую

to cross the aisle - парл. голосовать против своей партии: присоединить свой голос к голосам противников

to cross the river - а) преодолеть препятствие; б) умереть; [ср. тж. 1, 1)]

to cross smb.'s palm - подкупать кого-л., давать кому-л. взятку

officials whose palms had been crossed - подкупленные чиновники

to cross the target - воен. проф. взять цель в вилку

cross my heart! - вот те(бе) крест!

5. [krɒs] = across II
II [krɒs] a разг.
сердитый, злой, раздражённый

cross words - злые слова

cross answer - сердитый ответ

to be cross with smb. - сердиться на кого-л.

to make smb. cross - рассердить /разозлить/ кого-л.

♢ as cross as two sticks - в плохом наст роении, не в духе; ≅ зол как чёрт

as cross as a bear - не на шутку рассерженный; ≅ смотрит волком

НБАРС > cross
9 cross

I
1. [krɒs] n

1. 1) крест

Maltese [Latin, Greek] cross - мальтийский [латинский, греческий] крест

to make one's cross, to sign with a cross - поставить крест ( вместо подписи)

2) крестное знамение (тж. sign of the cross)

to make the sign of the cross - перекреститься, осенить себя крестом

2. 1) распятие

2) надгробный памятник в виде креста

3) крест (на перекрёстке дорог и т. п.)

3. (the Cross) христианство

4. (Cross) крест ( знак отличия)

Distinguished Service Cross - крест «За боевые заслуги»

5. черта, перекрещивающая буквы t, f

6. биол.

1) гибридизация, скрещивание (пород)

2) кросс, однократное скрещивание

3) гибрид, помесь

a mule is a cross between a horse and an ass - мул - это помесь лошади и осла

7. 1) испытания, страдания, выпавшие на (чью-л.) долю

to bear one's cross - нести свой крест

2) неприятное, досадное обстоятельство

the slightest cross puts him out of humour - малейшая неприятность портит ему настроение

8. разг. нечестный поступок

on the cross - нечестно, обманным путём [ср. тж. 9]

he has been on the cross all his life - он всю свою жизнь жульничал /мошенничал, был прохвостом/

9. диагональ, косое направление

on the cross - по косой, по диагонали [ср. тж. 8]

to cut on the cross - резать /кроить/ по диагонали

the skirt is cut on the cross - юбка расклешена

10. ист. церковные поместья в Ирландии

11. тех. крестовина, пересечение

12. кросс ( телефонный)

♢ to take the cross - ист. стать крестоносцем

no cross, no crown - ≅ несчастья бояться - счастья не видать

2. [krɒs] a

1. поперечный; пересекающийся; перекрёстный

2. взаимный, обоюдный

3. 1) противный ( о ветре)

cross head wind - боковой встречный ветер

2) противоположный

cross voting - голосование против своей партии

cross interests - противоположные интересы

4. неблагоприятный

cross weather - неблагоприятная погода

5. скрещённый ( о породах); кроссбредный

3. [krɒs] adv редк. разг.

криво, косо, неправильно

4. [krɒs] v

1. 1) пересекать, переходить, переправляться

to cross the Atlantic - пересечь Атлантический океан

to cross a bridge [a road] - перейти мост [дорогу]

to cross a river - переправиться через реку [ср. тж. ♢ ]

to cross from Dover to Calais - пересечь Ла-Манш между Дувром и Кале

he has not crossed the door for two years - он не переступал порога этого дома в течение двух лет

to cross the finishing line - спорт. а) пересечь линию финиша; б) выиграть

2) пересекать другому ездоку дорогу ( конный спорт)

2. 1) скрещивать

to cross one's legs - скрестить ноги

to cross one's arms on one's breast - скрестить руки на груди

to cross swords (with smb.) - а) скрестить шпаги (с кем-л.); б) вступить в спор (с кем-л.)

2) скрещиваться, пересекаться; перепутываться

at the spot where two roads cross - на месте, где пересекаются две дороги

3. осенять крестным знамением

to cross oneself - креститься

4. 1) перечёркивать, зачёркивать

to cross a ❝t❞ - перечеркнуть букву t

to cross a letter - написать ( резолюцию) поперёк написанного в письме

to cross smb.'s name off the list - вычеркнуть кого-л. из списка

2) фин. перечёркивать, кроссировать ( чек)

5. разг. садиться верхом ( на лошадь)

6. разминуться, разойтись

we crossed each other on the way - мы разминулись друг с другом в пути

our letter crossed yours - наше письмо разошлось с вашим

7. противодействовать, препятствовать; противоречить

to cross another's will [plans] - противодействовать чьему-л. желанию [чьим-л. планам]

he crosses me in everything - он противоречит мне во всём

he has been crossed in love - ему не повезло в любви

8. биол.

1) скрещивать

2) скрещиваться

9. воен. форсировать

10. сл. вести двойную игру

to cross smb. - предать кого-л.

11. эвф. перейти в мир иной

♢ to cross one's fingers, to keep one's fingers crossed - скрещивать указательный и средний пальцы (против сглаза, на счастье и т. п.)

keep your fingers crossed! - ≅ как бы не сглазить!

to cross one's t's and dot one's i's - ≅ ставить точки над i

to cross smb.'s path - а) встретиться на чьём-л. жизненном пути; б) стать кому-л. поперёк дороги

to cross the floor of the House - парл. перейти из одной партии в другую

to cross the aisle - парл. голосовать против своей партии: присоединить свой голос к голосам противников

to cross the river - а) преодолеть препятствие; б) умереть; [ср. тж. 1, 1)]

to cross smb.'s palm - подкупать кого-л., давать кому-л. взятку

officials whose palms had been crossed - подкупленные чиновники

to cross the target - воен. проф. взять цель в вилку

cross my heart! - вот те(бе) крест!

5. [krɒs] = across II
II [krɒs] a разг.
сердитый, злой, раздражённый

cross words - злые слова

cross answer - сердитый ответ

to be cross with smb. - сердиться на кого-л.

to make smb. cross - рассердить /разозлить/ кого-л.

♢ as cross as two sticks - в плохом наст роении, не в духе; ≅ зол как чёрт

as cross as a bear - не на шутку рассерженный; ≅ смотрит волком

НБАРС > cross
10 cross

1. n крестное знамение

to make the sign of the cross — перекреститься, осенить себя крестом

a sign of the cross — крестное знамение

2. n распятие

3. n надгробный памятник в виде креста

Honma to cross — выкрут вперед и подъем разгибом в крест

distinguished service cross — крест за отличную службу

cross of the legion of honor — крест Почетного Легиона

power down to L cross — опускание силой в крест углом

Stemme backward to cross — подъем махом назад в крест

4. n христианство

5. n крест

Distinguished Service Cross — крест «За боевые заслуги»

Maltese cross — мальтийский крест

foot of the cross — подножие Креста

butterfly cross rise — крест Азаряна

patriarchal cross — патриарший крест

communion cross — напрестольный крест

6. n черта, перекрещивающая буквы, f

7. n биол. гибридизация, скрещивание

direction of cross — направление скрещивания

cross sterility — бесплодие при скрещивании

8. n биол. кросс, однократное скрещивание

single cross — простое скрещивание

9. n биол. гибрид, помесь

a mule is a cross between a horse and an ass — мул — это помесь лошади и осла

10. n биол. испытания, страдания, выпавшие на долю

town cross — знак в виде креста, обозначающий место рынка в городе

11. n биол. неприятное, досадное обстоятельство

the slightest cross puts him out of humour — малейшая неприятность портит ему настроение

12. n биол. разг. нечестный поступок

on the cross — нечестно, обманным путём

13. n биол. диагональ, косое направление

on the cross — по косой, по диагонали

14. n биол. тех. крестовина, пересечение

wire cross — пересечение проводов без соединения

differential cross — крестовина дифференциала

clamping cross — зажимная крестовина

cross roads — пересечение дорог

cross point — точка пересечения

15. a поперечный; пересекающийся; перекрёстный

cross cut — поперечный рез

cross shaft — поперечный вал

cross turn — поперечный шлаг

cross bend — поперечный изгиб

cross bond — поперечная связь

16. a взаимный, обоюдный

cross fertilization — взаимное развитие

cross correlation — взаимная корреляция

17. a противный

cross head wind — боковой встречный ветер

18. a противоположный

cross voting — голосование против своей партии

19. a неблагоприятный

cross weather — неблагоприятная погода

20. a скрещённый; кроссбредный

21. adv редк. разг. криво, косо, неправильно

22. v пересекать, переходить, переправляться

to cross the Atlantic — пересечь Атлантический океан

to cross a bridge — перейти мост

to cross a river — переправиться через реку

cross the street — переходить улицу

to cross the ferry — переправляться на другой берег

23. v пересекать другому ездоку дорогу

to cross the floor — перейти из одной партии в другую

cross assignment — назначение в другой род войск

24. v скрещиваться, пересекаться; перепутываться

at the spot where two roads cross — на месте, где пересекаются две дороги

cross over — переходить; пересекать, переезжать, переправляться

25. v осенять крестным знамением

to cross oneself — креститься

the Way of the Cross — крестный путь

sign of the cross — крестное знамение

26. v перечёркивать, зачёркивать

to cross a letter — написать поперёк написанного в письме

27. v фин. перечёркивать, кроссировать

cross a check — кроссировать чек

cross the check — кроссировать чек

28. v разг. садиться верхом

cross riding seat — сед верхом

29. v разминуться, разойтись

we crossed each other on the way — мы разминулись друг с другом в пути

30. v противодействовать, препятствовать; противоречить

he crosses me in everything — он противоречит мне во всём

31. v биол. скрещивать

32. v биол. воен. форсировать

вести двойную игру

33. v биол. эвф. перейти в мир иной

to cross the floor of the House — перейти из одной партии в другую

to cross the aisle — голосовать против своей партии: присоединить свой голос к голосам противников

officials whose palms had been crossed — подкупленные чиновники

to cross the road — перейти улицу

34. a разг. сердитый, злой, раздражённый

cross words — злые слова

cross as two sticks — в ужасном настроении, не в духе, злой как чёрт

Синонимический ряд:

1. angry (adj.) angry; cantankerous; churlish; complaining; crabbed; curmudgeonly; cynical; fractious; irritable; mad; petulant; splenetic

2. irascible (adj.) choleric; cranky; hot-tempered; irascible; ireful; passionate; peppery; quick-tempered; ratty; temperish; testy; tetchy; touchy

3. nasty (adj.) bad-tempered; crabby; disagreeable; grouchy; grumpy; nasty; peevish; querulous; snappish; surly; waspish

4. burden (noun) burden; difficulty; misery; misfortune; trouble

5. hybrid (noun) amalgam; bastard; crossbred; crossbreed; half blood; half-breed; hybrid; mule

6. mixture (noun) mixture; mongrel; mutt

7. opposing (noun) frustration; opposing; opposition; thwarting

8. symbol (noun) crucifix; cruciform; rood; symbol

9. trial (noun) affliction; calvary; crucible; ordeal; trial; tribulation; visitation

10. betray (verb) betray; double-cross; sell; sell out

11. cross out (verb) cancel; cross out; delete; erase; strike

12. crossbreed (verb) crossbreed; cross-fertilize; cross-mate; hybridize; interbreed; intercross; mix

13. deny (verb) contravene; deny; disaffirm; gainsay; impugn; negate; negative; transverse

14. intersect (verb) bisect; crisscross; crosscut; cut; cut across; decussate; intersect; meet; span; traverse

15. oppose (verb) baffle; contradict; foil; frustrate; oppose; thwart

16. transit (verb) transit; traverse

17. travel (verb) ford; navigate; passage; ply; sail; travel; voyage

Антонимический ряд:

agreeable; amenable; blessing; complaisant; include; support; supporting; sweet

English-Russian base dictionary > cross
11 Chronology

15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.

400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.

202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.

137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.

410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.

714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.

1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.

1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.

1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.

1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.

1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).

1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.

1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.

1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.

1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.

1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.

1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.

1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.

1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.

1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.

1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.

1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.

1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.

1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.

1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.

1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.

1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.

1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).

1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.

1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.

1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.

1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.

   King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.

   King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.

1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.

1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.

1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.

   Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.

   Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.

   Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.

1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.

1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.

1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.

1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.

1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.

1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.

1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.

1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.

1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.

1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.

1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.

1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.

1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.

1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.

1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.

1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.

1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.

1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.

1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.

1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.

1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.

1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.

1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.

1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.

1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.

   Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.

   King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.

1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of

   Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.

   Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.

   King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.

1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.

1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.

1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.

1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.

1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.

1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.

   January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.

   Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.

1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.

1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.

1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.

1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.

1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.

   May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.

   March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.

   Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.

1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.

1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January

1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.

1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."

   28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.

   February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.

   April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.

1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.

1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."

1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.

   6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.

   8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.

1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.

1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.

1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

   January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.

1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.

1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.

1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.

   March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.

   March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.

1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July

1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.

1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).

1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.

1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.

   January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.

   January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.

   November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.

   October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.

   January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.

   May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.

   October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.

   January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).

   United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.

   January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.

   1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).

   May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.

   June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.

   February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.

   January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.

   July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.

2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology
12 over

I.

over n Sport partie f d'un match de cricket (lors de laquelle le serveur lance six balles d'une extrémité du terrain).

II.

over

❢ Over is used after many verbs in English ( change over, fall over, lean over etc). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (change, fall, lean etc). over is often used with another preposition in English (to, in, on) without altering the meaning. In this case over is usually not translated in French: to be over in France = être en France ; to swim over to sb = nager vers qn. over is often used with nouns in English when talking about superiority ( control over, priority over etc) or when giving the cause of something ( delays over, trouble over etc). For translations, consult the appropriate noun entry (control, priority, delay, trouble etc). over is often used as a prefix in verb combinations ( overeat), adjective combinations ( overconfident) and noun combinations ( overcoat). These combinations are treated as headwords in the dictionary.

For particular usages see the entry below.

A prep

1 ( across the top of) par-dessus ; to jump/look/talk over a wall sauter/regarder/parler par-dessus un mur ; to step over the cat passer par-dessus le chat ; a bridge over the Thames un pont sur la Tamise ;

2 ( from or on the other side of) my neighbour/the house over the road mon voisin/la maison d'en face ; it's just over the road/river c'est juste de l'autre côté de la rue/rivière ; the noise came from over the wall le bruit venait de l'autre côté du mur ; over here/there par ici/là ; come over here! viens (par) ici! ; from over the sea/the Atlantic/the Channel d'outre-mer/d'outre-atlantique/d'outre-manche ;

3 ( above but not touching) au-dessus de ; clouds over the valley des nuages au-dessus de la vallée ; they live over the shop ils habitent au-dessus de la boutique ;

4 (covering, surrounding) sur ; to spill tea over sth renverser du thé sur qch ; he's spilled tea over it il a renversé du thé dessus ; to carry one's coat over one's arm porter son manteau sur le bras ; to wear a sweater over one's shirt porter un pull par-dessus sa chemise ; shutters over the windows des volets aux fenêtres ;

5 ( physically higher than) the water was ou came over my ankles j'avais de l'eau jusqu'aux chevilles ;

6 ( more than) plus de ; children (of) over six les enfants de plus de six ans ; to be over 21 avoir plus de 21 ans ; well over 200 bien plus de 200 ; to take over a year prendre plus d'un an ; temperatures over 40° des températures supérieures à 40° ;

7 (in rank, position) to be over sb gen être supérieur à qn ; Mil être plus gradé que qn ;

8 ( in the course of) over the weekend/the summer pendant le week-end/l'été ; over a period of sur une période de ; over the last decade/few days au cours des dix dernières années/de ces derniers jours ; he has changed over the years il a changé avec le temps ; to do sth over Christmas faire qch à Noël or pendant les vacances de Noël ; to stay with sb over Easter passer les vacances de Pâques chez qn ; to talk over coffee/lunch parler autour d'une tasse de café/d'un déjeuner ;

9 ( recovered from) to be over s'être remis de [illness, operation, loss] ; she'll be over it soon elle s'en remettra vite ; to be over the worst avoir passé le pire ;

10 ( by means of) over the phone par téléphone ; over the radio à la radio ;

11 ( everywhere in) to travel all over the world/Africa voyager partout dans le monde/en Afrique ; to search all over the house chercher partout dans la maison ; to show sb over a house montrer or faire visiter une maison à qn ; I've lived all over France j'ai habité un peu partout en France ;

12 ( because of) to laugh over sth rire de qch ; to pause over sth s'arrêter sur qch ; how long will you be over it? combien de temps cela te prendra-t-il? ;

13 Math 12 over 3 is 4 12 divisé par 3 égale 4.

B over and above prep phr over and above that en plus de cela ; over and above the minimum requirement au-delà du minimum requis.

C adj, adv

1 ( use with verbs not covered in NOTE) over she went elle est tombée ; over you go! allez hop! ; does it go under or over? est-ce que ça va en dessous ou au-dessus? ;

2 ( finished) to be over [term, meeting, incident] être terminé ; [war] être fini ; after the war is over lorsque la guerre sera finie ; it was all over by Christmas à Noël tout était fini ; when this is all over quand tout ceci sera fini ; to get sth over with en finir avec qch ;

3 ( more) children of six and over ou six or over les enfants de plus de six ans ; it can be two metres or over cela peut faire deux mètres ou plus ; temperatures of 40 ° and over des températures supérieures à 40° ;

4 ( remaining) two biscuits each and one over deux biscuits par personne et il en reste un ; six metres and a bit over un peu plus de six mètres ; 2 into 5 goes 2 and 1 over 5 divisé par 2 font 2 et il reste 1 ; there's nothing over il ne reste rien ; ⇒ leave over (leave) ;

5 (to one's house, country) to invite ou ask sb over inviter qn ; come over for lunch venez déjeuner ; we had them over on Sunday/for dinner ils sont venus dimanche/dîner ; they were over for the day ils sont venus pour la journée ; they're over from Sydney ils sont venus de Sydney ; when you're next over this way la prochaine fois que tu passes dans le coin ;

6 Radio, TV over! à vous! ; over to you à vous ; now over to Tim for the weather laissons la place à Tim pour la météo ; now over to our Paris studios nous passons l'antenne à nos studios de Paris ;

7 ( showing repetition) five/several times over cinq/plusieurs fois de suite ; to start all over again recommencer à zéro ; I had to do it over US j'ai dû recommencer ; to hit sb over and over (again) frapper qn sans s'arrêter ; I've told you over and over (again)… je t'ai dit je ne sais combien de fois… ;

8 GB ( excessively) I'm not over keen je ne suis pas très enthousiaste ; she wasn't over pleased elle n'était pas très contente.

Big English-French dictionary > over
13 ABC

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Across Breed Comparison, алфавитный указатель (железнодорожный), атомный, биологический и химический, букварь, железнодорожный алфавитный указатель, начатки, простейший, простой, самые простые знания и понятия, азбука, алфавит, азбука, алфавит, основы

2) Компьютерная техника: Abstract Base Class, Approximate Bootstrap Confidence, Atanasoff Berry Computer

3) Авиация: чартерный рейс с предварительным бронированием мест

4) Спорт: Adventure Balance And Challenge, Agility Balance And Coordination, American Bowling Congress, Another Blowout Coming, Anybody But Carolina, Association Of Boxing Commissions

5) Военный термин: Advanced Blade Concept, Air Bridge to Canada, Airborne Command, Airborne Corps, All Blocks Covered, Allied Baltic Command, American, British, and Canadian, American-British-Canadian, Army Battle Command, Asian Brown Cloud, Atomic Bacterial Chemical, advanced basing concept, advanced biomedical capsule, air bubble craft, airborne cigar, airborne control, assistant beach commander

6) Техника: ABC method, American bibliographic benter, absolute binary code, after bottom center, after bottom dead center, air-blast cooled, augmented bibliographic citation, automatic bass control, automatic bias compensation, automatic blip counter, блок питания накала, анода и сетки, справочник железнодорожных станций с расписанием поездов

7) Сельское хозяйство: abscess

8) Шутливое выражение: A Bored Capitalist, A Boring Channel, Absolute Best Channel, Absolutely Boring Comedy, All Bout Cancellations, Already Been Cancelled, Always Be Cool, Always Burn Colorado, Americas Bin Collapsed, Another Bad Choice, Another Book Club, Anything But Chaos, Anything But Competence, The Almost Broadcasting Company

9) Химия: Alkali Bearing Carrier

10) Религия: A Better Chance, About Bethlehem Centers, Adult Bible Community, Agape Book Club, All Believe Confess, American Bible Channel, Arts Based Church, грамота, азы

11) Железнодорожный термин: Air Brakes And Chain

12) Юридический термин: A Big Clue, Alcohol Beverage Control, Always Be Careful, Attorneys, Bankers, And Cpas, transaction

13) Бухгалтерия: Accountability Basics And Control, Analyze Bill And Control

14) Фармакология: abacavir (абакавир)

15) Финансы: анализ затрат по видам

16) Австралийский сленг: Australian Broadcasting Corporation, австралийский государственный телерадиоканал

17) Ветеринария: Agricultural Biotechnology Center

18) Грубое выражение: A Big Cockup, Absolute Bullshit Channel, Absolutely Bloody Crap, Always Be Caucasian, Always Been Crappy, Anything But Crap

19) Горное дело: наставление, памятка, руководство, элементарный курс

20) Кино: Эй-би-си

21) Политика: Anybody But Clinton

22) Презрительное выражение: American Born Chinese

23) Телевидение: automatic brightness limiter

24) Сокращение: Activity Based Costing (2002), Activity Based Costing, Advanced Ballistic Concept, Advanced Bar Code: 62 bar POSTNET code representing 11 digit ZIP (see DPBC), Advanced/ing Blade Concept, Aerated Bread Company, Alcoholic Beverage Control, All-purpose Ballastable Crawler, All-purpose Battle Computer, America, Britain & Canada, American Broadcast Company, American Broadcasting Corporation, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Aruba, Bonaire, And Curacao, Associated British Pictures Corporation, Atomic, Bacteriological, Chemical (warfare), Atomic, Biological / Bacteriological & Chemical, Audit Bureau of Circulations Inc. (for 2nd class permit audits), Australian Broadcasting Commission, Automatic Boost Control, Automatic Brightness Control, atomic, bacteriological and chemical, atomic, biological and chemical, American Broadcasting Company, вычислительная машина Атанасова - Берри (Atanasoff-Berry Computer - first digital calculating machine that used vacuum tubes), American Brahma Club (Американский клуб специалистов по разведению кур породы бра(х)мапутра), American Bowling Congress (Американский конгресс (федерация клубов) игры в боулинг (кегли)), Arab Banking Corporation (Арабская банковская ассоциация), Automotive Booster Clubs International (Международная федерация клубов продавцов автомобильных запасных частей (США)), Associated British Cinemas (Объединение английских кинотеатров), automatic bass compensation (автоматическая коррекция нижних (звуковых) частот), automatic background control (автоматическая регулировка яркости( фона)), automatic blade control (автоматическое управление отвалом (плуга, бульдозера и т.п.)), accounting and budgetary control (бухгалтерско-бюджетный контроль), automatic binary computer (двоичная автоматическая вычислительная машина (устаревший термин)), air blast cooled (с воздушным охлаждением), aggregate base course (щебеночный подстилающий слой), Already Been Chewed, Absorbing boundary condition

25) Университет: About Basic Composition, Academics Business And Community, Anchorage Basic Curriculum, Atlantic Baptist College

26) Физиология: Absolute Brain Control, Abstinence Behavioral Change, Airway Breathing And Circulation, Airway Breathing Circulation, Airway Breathing Cold, Always Breastfeed Children, Aspiration, Biopsy, Cytology, Atp Binding Cassette, Automated Blood Collection

27) Электроника: Already Been Converted, Automatic Background Calibration

28) Вычислительная техника: Atanasoff-Berry Computer (First digital calculating machine that used vacuum tubes), activity-based costing, analog boundary cell, American Broadcasting Company (Corporate name), классы построения приложения, оплата на базе фактического использования, функционально-стоимостный анализ

29) Нефть: automatic bandwidth control, control

30) Иммунология: Adaptive Behavior Center, Antibody Binding Capacity, antigen-binding capacity, Avidin and Biotinylated horseradish peroxidase macro-molecular Complex

31) Онкология: Advanced Breast Cancer

32) Португальский язык: Бразильская академия наук (сокр. от Academia Brasileira de Ciências = Brazilian Academy of Sciences)

33) Транспорт: Air Brake Converted, Aluminum Brass Chrome

34) Пищевая промышленность: Absolute Best Chewy, All Beer Cleaning, Apples, Bananas, And Carrots, Applesauce, Bran, and Cinnamon

35) Воздухоплавание: Advance Booking Charter

36) Двигатели внутреннего сгорания: после нижней мёртвой точки, за нижней мёртвой точкой (сокр. от after bottom (dead) centre)

37) Фирменный знак: Alpha Beta Camera, Antwerp Book Capital, Associated British Corporation

38) Экология: Association of Boards of Certification for Operating Personnel in Water and Wastewater Utilities, Association of British Climatologists

39) Реклама: Бюро по Исследованию Тиражей США

40) СМИ: Access Beauty And Character, Always Be Canceling my favorite shows, American Broadcasting Companies, Associated British Cinemas, Audit Bureau Of Circulation, Audit Bureau Of Circulations, Australian Broadcasting Company

41) Деловая лексика: A Better Company, A Board Committed, A Business Commitment, Allocation Budget And Contract, Always Be Closing, Always Bring Cash, Analysis Building And Cleaning, Appropriate Business Casual, расчёт себестоимости по объёму хозяйственной стоимости (Activity Based Costing)

42) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: type of fire extinguisher

43) Образование: Anti Bullying Commitee, Attentional Behavioral Cognitive, Attitude Behavior Consistency

44) Сетевые технологии: Application Building Classes

45) Полимеры: assisted biological coagulation

46) Макаров: начальные положения, элементарный, элементы

47) Аэродинамика: концепция набегающей (идущей вперёд) лопасти (летательного аппарата с вращающимися крыльями) (сокр. от advancing-blade concept)

48) Военно-морской флот: главный старшина авиационной боцманской команды (на авианосце) (сокр. от Chief Aviation Boatswain's Mate)

49) Расширение файла: ABC FlowCharter Document, ABC programming language General filename extension, Musical notation language file (folk melodies)

50) Нефть и газ: advanced blending control

51) Электротехника: armored bushing cable

52) Молекулярная биология: adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette

53) ООН: A Bunch of Communists

54) Общественная организация: American Bird Conservancy

55) НАСА: Active Body Control

56) Библиотечное дело: American Bibliographical Center

57) Базы данных: Alphabetically Based Computerized

58) Альпинизм: advanced base camp

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > ABC
14 abc

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Across Breed Comparison, алфавитный указатель (железнодорожный), атомный, биологический и химический, букварь, железнодорожный алфавитный указатель, начатки, простейший, простой, самые простые знания и понятия, азбука, алфавит, азбука, алфавит, основы

2) Компьютерная техника: Abstract Base Class, Approximate Bootstrap Confidence, Atanasoff Berry Computer

3) Авиация: чартерный рейс с предварительным бронированием мест

4) Спорт: Adventure Balance And Challenge, Agility Balance And Coordination, American Bowling Congress, Another Blowout Coming, Anybody But Carolina, Association Of Boxing Commissions

5) Военный термин: Advanced Blade Concept, Air Bridge to Canada, Airborne Command, Airborne Corps, All Blocks Covered, Allied Baltic Command, American, British, and Canadian, American-British-Canadian, Army Battle Command, Asian Brown Cloud, Atomic Bacterial Chemical, advanced basing concept, advanced biomedical capsule, air bubble craft, airborne cigar, airborne control, assistant beach commander

6) Техника: ABC method, American bibliographic benter, absolute binary code, after bottom center, after bottom dead center, air-blast cooled, augmented bibliographic citation, automatic bass control, automatic bias compensation, automatic blip counter, блок питания накала, анода и сетки, справочник железнодорожных станций с расписанием поездов

7) Сельское хозяйство: abscess

8) Шутливое выражение: A Bored Capitalist, A Boring Channel, Absolute Best Channel, Absolutely Boring Comedy, All Bout Cancellations, Already Been Cancelled, Always Be Cool, Always Burn Colorado, Americas Bin Collapsed, Another Bad Choice, Another Book Club, Anything But Chaos, Anything But Competence, The Almost Broadcasting Company

9) Химия: Alkali Bearing Carrier

10) Религия: A Better Chance, About Bethlehem Centers, Adult Bible Community, Agape Book Club, All Believe Confess, American Bible Channel, Arts Based Church, грамота, азы

11) Железнодорожный термин: Air Brakes And Chain

12) Юридический термин: A Big Clue, Alcohol Beverage Control, Always Be Careful, Attorneys, Bankers, And Cpas, transaction

13) Бухгалтерия: Accountability Basics And Control, Analyze Bill And Control

14) Фармакология: abacavir (абакавир)

15) Финансы: анализ затрат по видам

16) Австралийский сленг: Australian Broadcasting Corporation, австралийский государственный телерадиоканал

17) Ветеринария: Agricultural Biotechnology Center

18) Грубое выражение: A Big Cockup, Absolute Bullshit Channel, Absolutely Bloody Crap, Always Be Caucasian, Always Been Crappy, Anything But Crap

19) Горное дело: наставление, памятка, руководство, элементарный курс

20) Кино: Эй-би-си

21) Политика: Anybody But Clinton

22) Презрительное выражение: American Born Chinese

23) Телевидение: automatic brightness limiter

24) Сокращение: Activity Based Costing (2002), Activity Based Costing, Advanced Ballistic Concept, Advanced Bar Code: 62 bar POSTNET code representing 11 digit ZIP (see DPBC), Advanced/ing Blade Concept, Aerated Bread Company, Alcoholic Beverage Control, All-purpose Ballastable Crawler, All-purpose Battle Computer, America, Britain & Canada, American Broadcast Company, American Broadcasting Corporation, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Aruba, Bonaire, And Curacao, Associated British Pictures Corporation, Atomic, Bacteriological, Chemical (warfare), Atomic, Biological / Bacteriological & Chemical, Audit Bureau of Circulations Inc. (for 2nd class permit audits), Australian Broadcasting Commission, Automatic Boost Control, Automatic Brightness Control, atomic, bacteriological and chemical, atomic, biological and chemical, American Broadcasting Company, вычислительная машина Атанасова - Берри (Atanasoff-Berry Computer - first digital calculating machine that used vacuum tubes), American Brahma Club (Американский клуб специалистов по разведению кур породы бра(х)мапутра), American Bowling Congress (Американский конгресс (федерация клубов) игры в боулинг (кегли)), Arab Banking Corporation (Арабская банковская ассоциация), Automotive Booster Clubs International (Международная федерация клубов продавцов автомобильных запасных частей (США)), Associated British Cinemas (Объединение английских кинотеатров), automatic bass compensation (автоматическая коррекция нижних (звуковых) частот), automatic background control (автоматическая регулировка яркости( фона)), automatic blade control (автоматическое управление отвалом (плуга, бульдозера и т.п.)), accounting and budgetary control (бухгалтерско-бюджетный контроль), automatic binary computer (двоичная автоматическая вычислительная машина (устаревший термин)), air blast cooled (с воздушным охлаждением), aggregate base course (щебеночный подстилающий слой), Already Been Chewed, Absorbing boundary condition

25) Университет: About Basic Composition, Academics Business And Community, Anchorage Basic Curriculum, Atlantic Baptist College

26) Физиология: Absolute Brain Control, Abstinence Behavioral Change, Airway Breathing And Circulation, Airway Breathing Circulation, Airway Breathing Cold, Always Breastfeed Children, Aspiration, Biopsy, Cytology, Atp Binding Cassette, Automated Blood Collection

27) Электроника: Already Been Converted, Automatic Background Calibration

28) Вычислительная техника: Atanasoff-Berry Computer (First digital calculating machine that used vacuum tubes), activity-based costing, analog boundary cell, American Broadcasting Company (Corporate name), классы построения приложения, оплата на базе фактического использования, функционально-стоимостный анализ

29) Нефть: automatic bandwidth control, control

30) Иммунология: Adaptive Behavior Center, Antibody Binding Capacity, antigen-binding capacity, Avidin and Biotinylated horseradish peroxidase macro-molecular Complex

31) Онкология: Advanced Breast Cancer

32) Португальский язык: Бразильская академия наук (сокр. от Academia Brasileira de Ciências = Brazilian Academy of Sciences)

33) Транспорт: Air Brake Converted, Aluminum Brass Chrome

34) Пищевая промышленность: Absolute Best Chewy, All Beer Cleaning, Apples, Bananas, And Carrots, Applesauce, Bran, and Cinnamon

35) Воздухоплавание: Advance Booking Charter

36) Двигатели внутреннего сгорания: после нижней мёртвой точки, за нижней мёртвой точкой (сокр. от after bottom (dead) centre)

37) Фирменный знак: Alpha Beta Camera, Antwerp Book Capital, Associated British Corporation

38) Экология: Association of Boards of Certification for Operating Personnel in Water and Wastewater Utilities, Association of British Climatologists

39) Реклама: Бюро по Исследованию Тиражей США

40) СМИ: Access Beauty And Character, Always Be Canceling my favorite shows, American Broadcasting Companies, Associated British Cinemas, Audit Bureau Of Circulation, Audit Bureau Of Circulations, Australian Broadcasting Company

41) Деловая лексика: A Better Company, A Board Committed, A Business Commitment, Allocation Budget And Contract, Always Be Closing, Always Bring Cash, Analysis Building And Cleaning, Appropriate Business Casual, расчёт себестоимости по объёму хозяйственной стоимости (Activity Based Costing)

42) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: type of fire extinguisher

43) Образование: Anti Bullying Commitee, Attentional Behavioral Cognitive, Attitude Behavior Consistency

44) Сетевые технологии: Application Building Classes

45) Полимеры: assisted biological coagulation

46) Макаров: начальные положения, элементарный, элементы

47) Аэродинамика: концепция набегающей (идущей вперёд) лопасти (летательного аппарата с вращающимися крыльями) (сокр. от advancing-blade concept)

48) Военно-морской флот: главный старшина авиационной боцманской команды (на авианосце) (сокр. от Chief Aviation Boatswain's Mate)

49) Расширение файла: ABC FlowCharter Document, ABC programming language General filename extension, Musical notation language file (folk melodies)

50) Нефть и газ: advanced blending control

51) Электротехника: armored bushing cable

52) Молекулярная биология: adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette

53) ООН: A Bunch of Communists

54) Общественная организация: American Bird Conservancy

55) НАСА: Active Body Control

56) Библиотечное дело: American Bibliographical Center

57) Базы данных: Alphabetically Based Computerized

58) Альпинизм: advanced base camp

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > abc

См. также в других словарях:

Battle of the Atlantic (1914–1918) — Infobox Military Conflict conflict=Battle of the Atlantic partof=World War I caption= date=28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918 place=Atlantic Ocean, North Sea result=Decisive Allied Victory combatant1=navy|UK flag|Newfoundland Royal Canadian Navy… … Wikipedia
Battle of the Atlantic (1939–1945) — Infobox Military Conflict conflict = Battle of the Atlantic partof = World War II caption = Officers on the bridge of an escorting British destroyer keep a sharp look out for enemy submarines, October 1941 date = September 3 1939 May 7 1945 place … Wikipedia
Waterways forming and crossings of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway — This is a list of waterways that form the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway and crossings (bridges, tunnels and ferries) across it.Florida* Florida Bay * Baker Cut (manmade) * Buttonwood Sound * Grouper Creek * Tarpon Basin * Dusenberg Creek *… … Wikipedia
The Poseidon Adventure (1972 film) — Infobox Film name = The Poseidon Adventure caption = film poster by Mort Künstler producer = Irwin Allen director = Ronald Neame Irwin Allen writer = Paul Gallico (novel) Wendell Mayes Stirling Silliphant (screenplay) starring = Gene Hackman… … Wikipedia
across — a|cross W1S1 [əˈkrɔs US əˈkro:s] adv, prep [Date: 1200 1300; : Anglo French; Origin: an crois in cross ] 1.) from one side of something to the other ▪ the first flight across the Atlantic ▪ They ran straight across the road (=without stopping) .… … Dictionary of contemporary English
across — 1 preposition 1 going, looking etc from one side of a space, area, or line to the other side: flying across the Atlantic | We gazed across the valley. | Would you like me to help you across the road? (=help you to cross it) 2 reaching or… … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
Geology of the North Sea — Contents 1 Tectonic structure 2 Precambrian 3 Finnmarkian, Athollian, Caledonian Orogenies … Wikipedia
Atlantic Avenue (Boston) — Atlantic Avenue Viaduct redirects here. For the Long Island Rail Road structure in Brooklyn, New York, see Atlantic Branch. Atlantic Avenue at Essex St., Boston, 2010 Atlantic Avenue is a street in downtown Boston, Massachusetts, USA, partly… … Wikipedia
Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey — Borough … Wikipedia
The College of William & Mary — in Virginia Established 1693[1][2] Type … Wikipedia
The Golden Compass (film) — The Golden Compass Theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Weitz Produced by … Wikipedia

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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Bridge Across the Atlantic

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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Bridge Across the Atlantic

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